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Read in Captions about Jainism Continued... Jaini

Read in Captions about Jainism Continued... Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture. Jain arts depict life legends of tirthankara or other important people, particularly with them in a seated or standing meditative posture. Yakshas and yakshinis, attendant spirits who guard the tirthankara, are usually shown with them.[255] The earliest known Jain image is in the Patna museum. It is dated approximately to the 3rd century BCE.[255] Bronze images of Pārśva can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, and in the Patna museum; these are dated to the 2nd century BCE. Ayagapata is a type of votive tablet used in Jainism for donation and worship in the early centuries. These tablets are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the stupa, dharmacakra and triratna. They present simultaneous trends or image and symbol worship. Numerous such stone tablets were discovered during excavations at ancient Jain sites like Kankali Tila near Mathura in Uttar Pradesh, India. The practice of donating these tablets is documented from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE.[257][258] Samavasarana, a preaching hall of tirthankaras with various beings concentrically placed, is an important theme of Jain art. The Jain tower in Chittor, Rajasthan, is a good example of Jain architecture.[260] Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries, containing diagrams from Jain cosmology.[261] Most of the paintings and illustrations depict historical events, known as Panch Kalyanaka, from the life of the tirthankara. Rishabha, the first tirthankara, is usually depicted in either the lotus position or kayotsarga, the standing position. He is distinguished from other tirthankara by the long locks of hair falling to his shoulders. Bull images also appear in his sculptures.[262] In paintings, incidents from his life, like his marriage and Indra marking his forehead, are depicted. Other paintings show him presenting a pottery bowl to his followers; he is also seen painting a house, weaving, and being visited by his mother Marudevi.[263] Each of the twenty-four tirthankara is associated with distinctive emblems, which are listed in such texts as Tiloyapannati, Kahavaali and Pravacanasaarodhara. A Jain temple, a Derasar or Basadi, is a place of worship.[265] Temples contain tirthankara images, some fixed, others moveable.[265] These are stationed in the inner sanctum, one of the two sacred zones, the other being the main hall.[265] One of the images is marked as the moolnayak (primary deity).[266] A manastambha (column of honor) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples.[267] Temple construction is considered a meritorious act. Ancient Jain monuments include the Udaigiri Hills near Bhelsa (Vidisha) in Madhya Pradesh, the Ellora in Maharashtra, the Palitana temples in Gujarat, and the Jain temples at Dilwara Temples near Mount Abu, Rajasthan.[269] Chaumukha temple in Ranakpur is considered one of the most beautiful Jain temples and is famous for its detailed carvings.[270] According to Jain texts, Shikharji is the place where twenty of the twenty-four Jain Tīrthaṅkaras along with many other monks attained moksha (died without being reborn, with their soul in Siddhashila). The Shikharji site in northeastern Jharkhand is therefore a revered pilgrimage site.[271][j] The Palitana temples are the holiest shrine for the Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka sect.[273] Along with Shikharji the two sites are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage sites by the Jain community.[274] The Jain complex, Khajuraho and Jain Narayana temple are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[275][276] Shravanabelagola, Saavira Kambada Basadi or 1000 pillars and Brahma Jinalaya are important Jain centers in Karnataka.[277][278][279] In and around Madurai, there are 26 caves, 200 stone beds, 60 inscriptions, and over 100 sculptures. The 2nd–1st century BCE Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves are rich with carvings of tirthanakars and deities with inscriptions including the Elephant Cave inscription.[281][282] Jain cave temples at Badami, Mangi-Tungi and the Ellora Caves are considered important.[283] The Sittanavasal Cave temple is a fine example of Jain art with an early cave shelter, and a medieval rock-cut temple with excellent fresco paintings comparable to Ajantha. Inside are seventeen stone beds with 2nd century BCE Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions.[284] The 8th century Kazhugumalai temple marks the revival of Jainism in South India. Jain Tirtha (pilgrim) sites are divided into the following categories:[286]
Read in Captions about Jainism Continued... Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture. Jain arts depict life legends of tirthankara or other important people, particularly with them in a seated or standing meditative posture. Yakshas and yakshinis, attendant spirits who guard the tirthankara, are usually shown with them.[255] The earliest known Jain image is in the Patna museum. It is dated approximately to the 3rd century BCE.[255] Bronze images of Pārśva can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, and in the Patna museum; these are dated to the 2nd century BCE. Ayagapata is a type of votive tablet used in Jainism for donation and worship in the early centuries. These tablets are decorated with objects and designs central to Jain worship such as the stupa, dharmacakra and triratna. They present simultaneous trends or image and symbol worship. Numerous such stone tablets were discovered during excavations at ancient Jain sites like Kankali Tila near Mathura in Uttar Pradesh, India. The practice of donating these tablets is documented from 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE.[257][258] Samavasarana, a preaching hall of tirthankaras with various beings concentrically placed, is an important theme of Jain art. The Jain tower in Chittor, Rajasthan, is a good example of Jain architecture.[260] Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries, containing diagrams from Jain cosmology.[261] Most of the paintings and illustrations depict historical events, known as Panch Kalyanaka, from the life of the tirthankara. Rishabha, the first tirthankara, is usually depicted in either the lotus position or kayotsarga, the standing position. He is distinguished from other tirthankara by the long locks of hair falling to his shoulders. Bull images also appear in his sculptures.[262] In paintings, incidents from his life, like his marriage and Indra marking his forehead, are depicted. Other paintings show him presenting a pottery bowl to his followers; he is also seen painting a house, weaving, and being visited by his mother Marudevi.[263] Each of the twenty-four tirthankara is associated with distinctive emblems, which are listed in such texts as Tiloyapannati, Kahavaali and Pravacanasaarodhara. A Jain temple, a Derasar or Basadi, is a place of worship.[265] Temples contain tirthankara images, some fixed, others moveable.[265] These are stationed in the inner sanctum, one of the two sacred zones, the other being the main hall.[265] One of the images is marked as the moolnayak (primary deity).[266] A manastambha (column of honor) is a pillar that is often constructed in front of Jain temples.[267] Temple construction is considered a meritorious act. Ancient Jain monuments include the Udaigiri Hills near Bhelsa (Vidisha) in Madhya Pradesh, the Ellora in Maharashtra, the Palitana temples in Gujarat, and the Jain temples at Dilwara Temples near Mount Abu, Rajasthan.[269] Chaumukha temple in Ranakpur is considered one of the most beautiful Jain temples and is famous for its detailed carvings.[270] According to Jain texts, Shikharji is the place where twenty of the twenty-four Jain Tīrthaṅkaras along with many other monks attained moksha (died without being reborn, with their soul in Siddhashila). The Shikharji site in northeastern Jharkhand is therefore a revered pilgrimage site.[271][j] The Palitana temples are the holiest shrine for the Śvētāmbara Murtipujaka sect.[273] Along with Shikharji the two sites are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage sites by the Jain community.[274] The Jain complex, Khajuraho and Jain Narayana temple are part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[275][276] Shravanabelagola, Saavira Kambada Basadi or 1000 pillars and Brahma Jinalaya are important Jain centers in Karnataka.[277][278][279] In and around Madurai, there are 26 caves, 200 stone beds, 60 inscriptions, and over 100 sculptures. The 2nd–1st century BCE Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves are rich with carvings of tirthanakars and deities with inscriptions including the Elephant Cave inscription.[281][282] Jain cave temples at Badami, Mangi-Tungi and the Ellora Caves are considered important.[283] The Sittanavasal Cave temple is a fine example of Jain art with an early cave shelter, and a medieval rock-cut temple with excellent fresco paintings comparable to Ajantha. Inside are seventeen stone beds with 2nd century BCE Tamil-Brahmi inscriptions.[284] The 8th century Kazhugumalai temple marks the revival of Jainism in South India. Jain Tirtha (pilgrim) sites are divided into the following categories:[286]
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